Metástasis Pancreática Metacrónica de un Carcinoma de Células Renales. Reporte de un Caso / Metachronic Pancreatic Metastasis of a Renal Cell Carcinoma. Case Report

El carcinoma de células renales (CCR) a nivel mundial presenta una incidencia de 431.288 casos anuales, causando 179.368 muertes en 2020. Sin embargo, a pesar de su incidencia, el desarrollo de metástasis pancreática (MP) de un RCC es un hecho inusual. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue reportar el caso de una paciente con una MP metacrónica de un CCR. Se trata de una paciente de 56 años, sexo femenino, nefrectomizada derecha hace 132 meses por un CCR, en adyuvancia con inmunoterapia. En un control imagenológico de rutina, se le pesquisó una lesión de aspecto tumoral en el cuerpo y cola del páncreas. Se intervino quirúrgicamente, realizándose una pancreatectomía córporo-caudal con preservación esplénica. Evolucionó de forma satisfactoria, sin complicaciones, siendo dada de alta al 4º día de su cirugía. El informe del estudio de la pieza operatoria con estudio inmunohistoquímico concluyó que se trataba de una MP de CCR. La paciente se encuentra en buenas condiciones generales y reinició quimioterapia con anticuerpos monoclonales. El seguimiento frecuente y prolongado de pacientes con antecedentes de CCR, facilita un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de MP facilitando el mejor pronóstico de los pacientes, con tasas más altas de supervivencia.

SUMMARY: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) worldwide has an incidence of 431,288 cases per year, causing 179,368 deaths in 2020. However, despite its incidence, the development of pancreatic metastasis (MP) from RCC is unusual. The aim of this manuscript was to report the case of a patient with a PM of a RCC. This is a 56-year-old female patient, underwent right nephrectomy 132 months earlier for RCC. While she was in adjuvant immunotherapy, in a routine imaging control, it was found a tumor lesion in the body and the tail of the pancreas. So, she underwent surgery, performing a corpora-caudal pancreatectomy with splenic preservation. Postoperative evolution was correct, without complications, and she was discharged on the 4th day after surgery. The report of the study of the surgical piece with an immunohistochemical study included, conclusive of PM of RCC. Currently, the patient is in good general condition and restarted chemotherapy with monoclonal antibodies. Frequent and prolonged follow-up of patients with a history of RCC facilitates timely diag- nosis and treatment of PM, facilitating the best prognosis for patients, with higher survival rates.

Advanced Faster RCNN: a non-contrast CT-based algorithm for detecting pancreatic lesions in multiple disease stages / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To propose a non-contrast CT-based algorithm for automated and accurate detection of pancreatic lesions at a low cost.@*METHODS@#With Faster RCNN as the benchmark model, an advanced Faster RCNN (aFaster RCNN) model for pancreatic lesions detection based on plain CT was constructed. The model uses the residual connection network Resnet50 as the feature extraction module to extract the deep image features of pancreatic lesions. According to the morphology of pancreatic lesions, 9 anchor frame sizes were redesigned to construct the RPN module. A new Bounding Box regression loss function was proposed to constrain the training process of RPN module regression subnetwork by comprehensively considering the constraints of the lesion shape and anatomical structure. Finally, a detection frame was generated using the detector in the second stage. The data from a total of 728 cases of pancreatic diseases from 4 clinical centers in China were used for training (518 cases, 71.15%) and testing (210 cases, 28.85%) of the model. The performance of aFaster RCNN was verified through ablation experiments and comparison experiments with 3 classical target detection models SSD, YOLO and CenterNet.@*RESULTS@#The aFaster RCNN model for pancreatic lesion detection achieved recall rates of 73.64% at the image level and 92.38% at the patient level, with an average precision of 45.29% and 53.80% at the image and patient levels, respectively, which were higher than those of the 3 models for comparison.@*CONCLUSION@#The proposed method can effectively extract the imaging features of pancreatic lesions from non-contrast CT images to detect the pancreatic lesions.

Multi-tissue segmentation model of whole slide image of pancreatic cancer based on multi task and attention mechanism / 生物医学工程学杂志

Accurate segmentation of whole slide images is of great significance for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. However, developing an automatic model is challenging due to the complex content, limited samples, and high sample heterogeneity of pathological images. This paper presented a multi-tissue segmentation model for whole slide images of pancreatic cancer. We introduced an attention mechanism in building blocks, and designed a multi-task learning framework as well as proper auxiliary tasks to enhance model performance. The model was trained and tested with the pancreatic cancer pathological image dataset from Shanghai Changhai Hospital. And the data of TCGA, as an external independent validation cohort, was used for external validation. The F1 scores of the model exceeded 0.97 and 0.92 in the internal dataset and external dataset, respectively. Moreover, the generalization performance was also better than the baseline method significantly. These results demonstrate that the proposed model can accurately segment eight kinds of tissue regions in whole slide images of pancreatic cancer, which can provide reliable basis for clinical diagnosis.

Aspectos anatomo-clínicos de un caso de neoplasia sólida seudopapilar de páncreas: (tumor de Frantz) / Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: (Frantz´s tumor) anatomo-clinical aspects / Aspectos anátomo-clínicos de um caso de neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar do pâncreas: (tumor de Frantz)

El tumor pseudopapilar de páncreas, conocido como tumor de Frantz, es excepcional; comprende entre el 0.2 y 2.7 % de los carcinomas de páncreas. Su etiología es desconocida y predomina en mujeres jóvenes. Son tumores de bajo potencial maligno, que cursan asintomáticos y dan síntomas por compresión regional: dolor gravativo y/o masa abdominal palpable. La probabilidad de una forma definidamente maligna es de 15 %. Anatómicamente se localizan con mayor frecuencia en la cola del páncreas, seguido por la cabeza y el cuerpo. El tratamiento es la resección quirúrgica y su pronóstico es excelente, con sobrevida a 5 años de casi 100 %. El diagnóstico es anátomo-patológico, considerando el aspecto microscópico y el perfil inmunohistoquímico. Se presenta un caso de una mujer de 21 años, en la cual se realizó una cirugía de excéresis completa del tumor y que se mantiene a asintomática a 24 meses de operada.

Pseudo papillary tumor of the pancreas, also called Frantz´s tumor, is a very rare disease; between 0.2 and 2.7 % of pancreatic carcinomas. Ethiology is unknown; is observed in young women. It´s a tumors with low malignant potential, usually of asymptomatic evolution by long time and the symptoms are due to regional compression: pain or abdominal mass. The possibility of a malignant form is around 15 %. Anatomically, they are most frequently located in the tail of the pancreas, followed by the head and body. The treatment is the surgical resection; with an excellent prognosis and a 5-year survival almost 100 %. The diagnosis is with pathological study, considering the microscopic appearance and the immunohistochemical profile. Its perform an analysis of the literature and once case of a 21 years old, woman is reported. A complete resection surgery of the tumor was performed and remains asymptomatic at 24 months of follow-up.

O tumor pseudopapilar do pâncreas, conhecido como tumor de Frantz, é excepcional; compreende entre 0,2 e 2,7 % dos carcinomas pancreáticos. Sua etiologia é desconhecida e predomina em mulheres jovens. São tumores de baixo potencial maligno, que são assintomáticos e apresentam sintomas devido à compressão regional: dor intensa e/ou massa abdominal palpável. A probabilidade de uma forma definitivamente maligna é de 15 %. Anatomicamente, eles estão localizados com mais frequência na cauda do pâncreas, seguido pela cabeça e corpo. O tratamento é a ressecção cirúrgica e seu prognóstico é excelente, com sobrevida em 5 anos de quase 100 %. O diagnóstico é anátomo-patológico, considerando o aspecto microscópico e o perfil imuno-histoquímico. Apresenta-se o caso de uma mulher de 21 anos submetida a cirurgia de excisão completa do tumor e que permanece assintomática 24 meses após a cirurgia.

Síndrome de hipersecreción de lipasa y lesiones óseas en el cáncer de células acinares del páncreas / Lipase hypersecretion syndrome and bone lesions in acinar cell cancer of the pancreas. Report of one case

Lipase hypersecretion syndrome (LHS) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome, associated with acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas (ACCP) in 10% to 15% of patients. Clinically, LHS manifests itself with the appearance of subcutaneous fibrocystic nodules, associated with trophic changes in the overlying skin, such as ulcers or fistulas that are difficult to manage, mainly affecting the lower extremities. Additionally, lipolysis near the joints and in the intraosseous adipose tissue can cause bilateral arthralgias, especially of the knees and ankles. We report a 57-year-old man, with a history of insulin resistance and allergic rhinitis, who presented in June 2019 with multiple subcutaneous nodules in the lower extremities, predominantly in both ankles, associated with arthralgia in that region. Additionally, a CT scan of the abdomen revealed a significant abdominal mass, measuring approximately 17 cm and in contact with the body and tail of the pancreas, pathologically compatible with an ACCP. Treatment with capecitabine was started with a favorable progression. The patient currently presents a small left lateral retro malleolar fistula, which, given the analyzes, studies and reviewed literature is concluded to be a lesion in the context of LHS.

Hipoglucemia tumoral dependiente y no dependiente de células ß-pancreáticas, un reto diagnóstico / Tumor and non-tumor mediated hypoglycemia by pancreatic beta cells, a diagnostic challenge

La hipoglucemia es una urgencia médica frecuente que en la mayoría de los casos es secundaria al uso de fármacos hipoglucemiantes, orales o inyectados, indicados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus. No obstante, puede presentarse en forma espontánea y severa relacionándose con múltiples condiciones clínicas, incluyendo las neoplasias. Ante una hipoglucemia de origen paraneoplásico se deben reconocer los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que la generan y establecer el diagnóstico oportuno y preciso para disminuir las complicaciones propias de este síndrome clínico. Presentamos dos pacientes con cuadro de hipoglucemia refractaria al manejo médico inicial, de aparición similar con patologías diferentes. El primer caso corresponde a un paciente con insulinoma y el segundo con un hemangiopericitoma.

Hypoglycemia is a common medical emergency which is mostly secondary to the use of oral or injected hypoglycemic drugs indicated in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, it can present spontaneously and severely in relation to multiple clinical conditions, including neoplasms. When faced with hypoglycemia associated with paraneoplastic disorders, the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypoglycemia must be recognized and a timely and accurate diagnosis must be established in order to diminish complications inherent to this clinical syndrome. We herein present two patients with hypoglycemia refractory to initial medical management, sharing similar appearance with other pathologies. The first case corresponds to a patient with an insulinoma and the second to a patient with a hemangiopericytoma.

Averaging Strategy to Form the Imaging for Routine Reading of Insulinoma from Pancreatic Perfusion Dataset / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To determine the appropriate averaging strategy for pancreatic perfusion datasets to create images for routine reading of insulinoma.Methods Thirty-nine patients undergoing pancreatic perfusion CT in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and diagnosed as insulinoma by pathology were enrolled in this retrospective study.The time-density curve of abdominal aorta calculated by software dynamic angio was used to decide the timings for averaging.Five strategies,by averaging 3,5,7,9 and 11 dynamic scans in perfusion,all including peak enhancement of the abdominal aorta,were investigated in the study.The image noise,pancreas signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),lesion contrast and lesion contrast-to-noise ratio(CNR)were recorded and compared.Besides,overall image quality and insulinoma depiction were also compared.ANOVA and Friedman's test were performed.Results The image noise decreased and the SNR of pancreas increased with the increase in averaging time points(all P0.99)and were higher than that of the first group(all P<0.05).There was no significant difference in overall image quality among the 5 groups(P=0.977).Conclusions Image averaged from 5 scans showed moderate image noise,pancreas SNR and relatively high lesion contrast and lesion CNR.Therefore,it is advised to be used in image averaging to detect insulinoma.

Neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar pancreática: comunicación de cuatro casos clínicos y revisión de la literatura / Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: four case reports and a review of the lilerature / Neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar pancreática: comunicação de quatro casos clínicos e revisão da literatura

Los tumores pseudopapilares del páncreas son tumores de origen pancreático poco frecuentes y de etiología desconocida. Comprenden entre el 0.2 y 2.7% de los carcinomas de páncreas. Hasta 2015 hay 900 casos reportados en la literatura, siendo una minoría en etapa diseminada. Son tumores voluminosos, de bajo potencial maligno, que se presentan con mayor frecuencia en mujeres jóvenes entre 18 y 35 años. Generalmente son asintomáticos o manifiestan clínicamente síntomas inespecíficos como dolor abdominal o presencia de masa abdominal. Anatómicamente se localizan con mayor frecuencia en la cola del páncreas, seguidos por la cabeza y el cuerpo. El tratamiento de elección es la resección quirúrgica. El rol de la quimioterapia en la enfermedad irresecable o avanzada no está claramente definido. Son tumores de excelente pronóstico, con sobrevida a 5 años de casi 100%.Se presentan cuatro casos clínicos y se hace una revisión de la literatura.

Pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are tumors of pancreatic origin with a low frequency and an unknown etiology. They account for 0.2 - 2.7 % of all pancreatic carcinomas. Up to 2015 there were approximately 900 well documented cases with only a small minority of them in a metastatic stage. This tumors could reach large proportions and they occur predominantly in young women between 18 and 35 years of age. Most of patients are asymptomatic or have non specific symptoms including abdominal pain or palpable abdominal mass. The most common localization is the tail of the pancreas, followed by the head and the body. Complete resection is the treatment of choice. It is not clearly stablished the rol of chemotherapy in metastatic disease. There are tumors with a favorable prognosis, with an overall 5 year survival rate about 95%. Herein, we report four clinical cases and a literatura review.

Os tumores pseudopapilares do pâncreas são tumores de origem pancreática pouco frequentes e de etiologia desconhecida. Compreendem entre 0.2 e 2.7% dos carcinomas de pâncreas. Até 2015 há 900 casos relatados na literatura, sendo uma minoria em etapa disseminada. São tumores volumosos, de baixo potencial maligno, que se apresentam com maior frequência em mulheres jovens entre 18 e 35 anos. Geralmente são assintomáticos ou apresentam clinicamente sintomas inespecíficos como dor abdominal ou presença de massa abdominal. Anatomicamente, localizam-se mais frequentemente na cauda do pâncreas, seguidos por cabeça e corpo. O tratamento de escolha é a ressecção cirúrgica. O papel da quimioterapia na doença irressecável ou avançada não está claramente definido. São tumores de excelente prognóstico, com sobrevida a 5 anos de quase 100%. Apresentam-se quatro casos clínicos e faz-se uma revisão da literatura.

Neoplasia quística mucinosa gigante del páncreas tratada con pancreatectomía corporocaudal y preservación esplénica / Giant mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas undergoing pancreatectomy with splenic preservation

RESUMEN: La neoplasia quística mucinosa del páncreas (NQMP) es un tumor infrecuente, que afecta predominantemente a mujeres (90-95 %), afectando especialmente entre la quinta y séptima década de la vida; cuyo descubrimiento suele ser incidental. Por lo general, son lesiones solitarias, sin compromiso del conducto pancreático principal; poco sintomáticas y asociadas a malignidad (10 % a 40 %). El objetivo de este manuscrito fue reportar un caso de neoplasia quística mucinosa gigante del páncreas intervenida quirúrgicamente y revisar la evidencia existente respecto de sus características morfológicas, terapéuticas y pronósticas. Mujer de 29 años, con masa abdominal poco sintomática. El diagnóstico se verificó por medio de ultrasonografía, tomografía axial computarizada y resonancia nuclear magnética. Se intervino quirúrgicamente, realizándose pancreatectomía corporocaudal con preservación esplénica, sin incidentes. La paciente fue dada de alta al quinto día, sin complicaciones, y evolucionó de forma adecuada, sin complicaciones postoperatorias. La NMQP es una lesión compleja, que puede asociarse a malignidad, pero el diagnóstico preoperatorio de malignidad no puede establecerse con seguridad. El pronóstico depende de un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento oportuno.

SUMMARY: Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas (MCNP) are variable types of tumors, which predominantly affect women (90-95 %), and usually appear incidentally in the 5th to 7th decade of life. They are generally solitary lesions, with no involvement of the main pancreatic duct, rarely symptomatic and are associated with malignancy (10 % to 40 %). The aim of this manuscript was to report a case of giant mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas surgically treated and review the existing evidence regarding its morphological, therapeutic and prognosis characteristics. Patient: A 29-year-old woman with a slightly symptomatic abdominal mass. The diagnosis was verified with ultrasound, computed axial tomography and magnetic nuclear resonance. The patient underwent surgery; an uneventful corporocaudal pancreatectomy with splenic preservation was performed. She was discharged on the fifth day, and has evolved adequately, without postoperative complications. MCNP is a complex lesion, which can be associated with malignancy, but the preoperative diagnosis of malignancy cannot be established with certainty. Its prognosis depends on early diagnosis and timely treatment.

Tumor papilar sólido-quístico pancreático / Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar del páncreas es una entidad rara, que típicamente se presenta en mujeres jóvenes. Suele presentar síntomas abdominales inespecíficos. Es un tumor maligno de bajo grado de malignidad. Objetivos : el objetivo del siguiente informe de serie de casos es presentar 9 casos tratados en un cen tro y realizar una revisión bibliográfica del tema. Material y métodos: estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de los casos con diagnóstico anatomopatoló gico de neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar en el Servicio de Cirugía General, desde febrero de 2013 hasta septiembre de 2019. Se contemplaron como variables: edad, sexo, localización del tumor, tratamiento quirúrgico realizado, tiempo operatorio, complicaciones, estancia hospitalaria y seguimiento alejado. Resultados: fueron 9 casos, todos de sexo femenino con media de edad de 30 años (rango 20 a 70 años). La localización más frecuente fue en cola de páncreas en 4 casos (45%). Todas las pacientes fueron sometidas a cirugía, con abordaje laparoscópico en el 60% de los casos (n = 5); la resección pancreática distal con preservación esplénica fue la conducta más utilizada (n = 6). Se constataron tres complicaciones, de las cuales dos fueron colecciones abdominales como consecuencia de una fístula pancreática que se abordaron por vía percutánea, y la restante fue un retardo del vaciamiento gástrico por lo cual la paciente requirió internación prolongada. Conclusión: la neoplasia sólida pseudopapilar pancreática es una enfermedad poco frecuente, ma ligna pero con bajo riesgo de malignidad. Presenta buena sobrevida cuando se somete a cirugía de carácter curativo; la laparoscopia es la vía de abordaje de elección en centros con experiencia.

ABSTRACT Background: Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare condition that affects young women. The most common symptom is unspecific abdominal pain. It is a malignant tumor of low malignant potential. Objective: The aim of this study is to report a case series of patients treated in a single center and perform a bibliographic review. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective study of the cases with pathological diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas treated in the Department of General Surgery between February 2013 and September 2019. The following variables were analyzed; age, sex, tumor location, surgical treatment, operative time, complications, length of hospital stay and long-term follow-up. Results: Nine patients were included; all of them were women with mean age of 30 years (range: 20 - 70 years). The most common location of the tumor was the tail of the pancreas (n = 4; 45%). Surgery was performed in all the cases; five cases underwent video-assisted laparoscopy and spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy was the technique more commonly used (n = 6). Three complications were recorded: two abdominal collections due to biliary leaks were trated by percutaneous approach and the other patient presented delayed gastric emptying and required prolonged hospitalization. Conclusion: Solid pseudopapillary tumor pf the pancreas is a rare low-grade malignant neoplasm. The prognosis is favorable after surgery and laparoscopy is the preferred approach in centers with experience.

Tumor sólido pseudopapilar de páncreas: reporte de caso / Pseudopapilar solid tumor of pancreas: case Report

Resumen Introducción: El tumor sólido pseudopapilar del páncreas es una rara entidad que representa menos del 1% de las neoplasias pancreáticas. Suele presentarse en mujeres jóvenes y solo da síntomas de carácter compresivo una vez que alcanza un gran tamaño. Dado su comportamiento biológico incierto el tratamiento es la cirugía. Caso Clínico: Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 23 años con historia de 1 año de evolución de dolor epigástrico y baja de peso. El estudio imagenológico demostró una masa heterogénea sólida-quística dependiente de la cabeza del páncreas de aspecto neoplásico. Se realizó una biopsia incisional laparoscópica cuyo resultado fue de un tumor maligno indiferenciado, por lo que se optó por la resección quirúrgica. Se realizó una pancreatoduodenectomía abierta sin incidentes con un postoperatorio favorable. Los análisis histopatológicos e inmunohistoquímico fueron compatibles con un tumor sólido pseudopapilar de páncreas.

Introduction: The pseudopapillary solid tumor of the pancreas is a rare entity that represents less than 1% of pancreatic neoplasms. It usually occurs in young women and only gives symptoms of a compressive nature once it has reached a large size. Given its uncertain biological behavior, the treatment is surgery. Case Report: We present the case of a 23-year-old woman with a 1-year history of epigastric pain evolution and weight loss. The imaging study demonstrated a solid-cystic heterogeneous mass dependent on the head of the pancreas of neoplasic appearance. A laparoscopic incisional biopsy was performed, the result of which was an undifferentiated malignant tumor, which was why the surgical resection was chosen. An open pancreatoduodenectomy was performed without incident with a favorable post operative. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyzes were compatible with a solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas.

Impacto da composição corporal na sobrevida e na toxicidade do tratamento no câncer de pâncreas: estudo transversal / Body composition impact on survival and toxicity of treatment in pancreatic cancer: cross-sectional pilot study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Weight loss and body composition changes are common in patients with pancreatic cancer. Computed tomography (CT) images are helpful to investigate body composition and its changes and to discriminate the different kinds of body tissues. Patients with pancreatic cancer routinely undergo CT scans. OBJECTIVE: To verify the association of muscle mass and visceral fat measured by CT with toxicity and survival of patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: We evaluated the imaging of the abdomen of all consecutive adult patients with pancreatic cancer treated between October 2007 and September 2015 in our service, to assess skeletal muscle mass and fat, intramuscular fat and visceral fat. We graded treatment toxicity symptoms according to the Common Toxicity Criteria of the United States National Cancer Institute (version 2.0). RESULTS: The study involved 17 patients, with a mean age of 63 (±10) years (range: 51-73 years). Eleven (65%) were male. The mean initial body mass index (BMI) was 26 kg/m2 (±3) and 23 kg/m2 (±3) after treatment. The mean weight loss was 10.0 kg (±6.8; 13%). Sarcopenia was present in 47% of patients, and it was not associated with significant differences in muscle mass, visceral fat, toxicity or survival. The mean skeletal muscle attenuation was 36 Hounsfield units, not associated with survival or treatment toxicity. Mean muscle mass was not associated with toxicity either. However, there was a significant inverse association between toxicity and visceral fat. CONCLUSION: Muscle mass had no impact on the survival or on treatment toxicity among the patients with pancreatic cancer. However, the visceral fat exerted a protective effect against the treatment toxicity. We stress the importance of further studies on visceral fat associated with prognosis and toxicity in cancer patients.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Perda de peso e mudanças na composição corpórea são frequentes em pacientes com câncer do pâncreas. Imagens de tomografia computadorizada são úteis na investigação da composição corporal e suas mudanças e para discriminar diferentes tipos de tecidos corporais. Pacientes com câncer pancreático são submetidos à tomografia computadorizada rotineiramente. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre massa muscular e gordura visceral medida por tomografia computadorizada e a toxicidade do tratamento e a sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de pâncreas. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos imagens tomográficas abdominais de todos os pacientes adultos com câncer pancreático consecutivamente tratados entre outubro de 2007 e setembro de 2015 no serviço, para estimativa da massa muscular esquelética e gordura, tecido adiposo intramuscular e visceral. Classificamos a toxicidade do tratamento conforme os Critérios Comuns de Toxicidade do Instituto Nacional do Câncer dos Estados Unidos (versão 2.0). RESULTADOS: O estudo envolveu 17 pacientes, com idade média de 63 (±10) anos (51-73 anos); 11 (65%) homens. O índice de massa corporal médio inicial foi de 26 kg/m2 (±3); 23 kg/m2 (±3) após o tratamento. A perda de peso média foi de 10,0 kg (±6,8; 13%). Observamos sarcopenia em 47% dos pacientes, não associada a diferenças significativas na massa muscular, tecido adiposo visceral, toxicidade ou sobrevivência. A atenuação média do músculo esquelético foi de 36 unidades Hounsfield, não associada à sobrevivência ou toxicidade. A massa muscular média também não foi associada à toxicidade. No entanto, observamos associação inversa significativa entre toxicidade e gordura visceral. CONCLUSÃO: A massa muscular não teve impacto na sobrevida ou na toxicidade do tratamento dos pacientes com câncer pancreático. No entanto, a gordura visceral exerceu efeito protetor contra a toxicidade. Ressaltamos a importância de mais estudos sobre a gordura visceral associada ao prognóstico e à toxicidade em pacientes com câncer.

Aspectos tomográficos e histológicos en pacientes con neoplasia exocrina de páncreas / Tomographic and histologic aspects in patients with pancreas exocrine neoplasm

Introducción: El cáncer de páncreas se origina en la glándula pancreática y es una de las neoplasias más invasivas debido a su rápida diseminación, la falta de síntomas específicos en sus inicios y su diagnóstico tardío. Objetivo: Caracterizar a pacientes con cáncer de páncreas según variables de interés. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Servicio de Imagenología del Hospital Provincial Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Saturnino Lora de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2013 hasta diciembre de 2017, de 70 pacientes con diagnóstico tomográfico sugestivo de dicha neoplasia maligna. Resultados: En la serie el tumor exocrino pancreático primó en pacientes mayores de 60 años de edad (37,1 %), del sexo masculino (54,2 %) y de la raza mestiza (61,4 %). El diagnóstico histológico predominante fue el de adenocarcinoma ductal poco diferenciado (47,2 %), en tanto, los factores de riesgo mayormente asociados al proceso neoplásico fueron las comidas grasas (68,6 %), el tabaquismo (61,4 %) y el alcoholismo (50,0 %), y el antecedente patológico personal más frecuente, la diabetes mellitus (37,1 %). Conclusiones: La tomografía axial computarizada proporciona una descripción detallada de las neoplasias pancreáticas y su extensión, lo cual es de gran utilidad para la estadificación de estas y, además, determina la conducta terapéutica a seguir.

Introduction: The pancreas cancer originates in the pancreatic gland and it is one of the more invasive neoplasms due to its quick dissemination, lack of specific symptoms in its beginnings and its late diagnosis. Objective: To characterize patients with pancreas cancer according to variables of interest. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the Imaging Service of Saturnino Lora Teaching Provincial Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2013 to December, 2017 to 70 patients with suggestive tomographic diagnosis of this malignancy. Results: In the series the pancreatic exocrine tumor prevailed in patients older than 60 years (37.1 %), the male sex (54.2 %) and mixed race (61.4 %). The predominant histologic diagnosis was the ductal adenocarcinoma hardly differentiated (47.2 %), as long as, the risk factors mostly associated with the neoplasm were fatty foods (68.6 %), nicotine addiction (61.4 %) and alcoholism (50.0 %), and the most frequent personal pathological history was diabetes mellitus (37.1 %). Conclusions: The computerized axial tomography provides a detailed description of the pancreatic neoplasms and their extension, which is very useful for the staging of these malignancies and, also, it determines the therapeutic behavior we should follow.

Pancreatitis aguda en carcinoma de célula pequeña de pulmón (CPCP) resuelta con quimioterapia / Acute pancreatitis in small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) resolved with chemotherapy

Resumen El carcinoma de célula pequeña (CPCP) o microcítico de pulmón es un subtipo de cáncer de pulmón que típicamente se ha asociado al tabaquismo y que se caracteriza por su agresividad y mal pronóstico a corto plazo. Como entidad, puede metastatizar en cualquier órgano, siendo las metástasis pancreáticas raras y la mayoría de las veces asintomáticas. Por ello, la presencia de una pancreatitis neoplásica, como en el caso presentado, es excepcional, y aún más cuando presenta refractariedad al tratamiento médico convencional y responde al tratamiento citotóxico sistémico. Por todo ello, se expone esta experiencia clínica y se debate la presencia de esta rara entidad y su manejo.

Abstract Small-cell lung carcinoma is a subtype of neoplasm that has been typically associated with smoking; it is characterized by its aggressiveness and poor prognosis in the short term. As an entity, it can metastasize in any organ, but pancreatic metastases are rare and most of the time asymptomatic. Therefore, the presence of neoplastic pancreatitis as in our case is exceptional; even more when it presents refractoriness to conventional medical treatment, responding instead to systemic cytotoxic treatment. Therefore, we expose our clinical experience and discuss the presence of this rare entity and its management.

Is the new procore 20g double forward-bevel needle capable to obtain better histological samples by endoscopic ultrasound for diagnosing solid pancreatic lesions? / A nova agulha procore 20g com bisel frontal duplo é capaz de obter melhores amostras histológicas por ecoendoscopia no diagnóstico de lesões sólidas pancreáticas?

ABSTRACT Background: It is important to obtain representative histological samples of solid biliopancreatic lesions without a clear indication for resection. The role of new needles in such task is yet to be determined. Aim: To compare performance assessment between 20G double fine needle biopsy (FNB) and conventional 22G fine needle aspiration (FNA) needles for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biopsy. Methods: This prospective study examined 20 patients who underwent the random puncture of solid pancreatic lesions with both needles and the analysis of tissue samples by a single pathologist. Results: The ProCore 20G FNB needle provided more adequate tissue samples (16 vs. 9, p=0.039) with better cellularity quantitative scores (11 vs. 5, p=0.002) and larger diameter of the histological sample (1.51±1.3 mm vs. 0.94±0.55 mm, p=0.032) than the 22G needle. The technical success, puncture difficulty, and sample bleeding were similar between groups. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were 88.9%, 100%, and 90% and 77.8%, 100%, and 78.9% for the 20G and 22G needles, respectively. Conclusions: The samples obtained with the ProCore 20G FNB showed better histological parameters; although there was no difference in the diagnostic performance between the two needles, these findings may improve pathologist performance.

RESUMO Racional: As lesões sólidas pancreáticas não ressecáveis cirurgicamente demandam boa amostragem tecidual para definição histológica e condução oncológica . O papel das novas agulhas de ecopunção no aprimoramento diagnóstico ainda necessita elucidação. Objetivo: Comparar as biópsias guiadas por ecoendoscoopia com a nova agulha 20G de bisel frontal duplo (FNB) com a agulha de aspiração fina 22G convencional. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo avaliou 20 pacientes submetidos à punção de lesões pancreáticas sólidas com ambas agulhas e envolveu análise de amostras teciduais por um único patologista. Resultados: A agulha FNB 20G forneceu amostras de tecido mais adequadas (16 vs. 9, p=0,039) com melhores escores quantitativos de celularidade (11 vs. 5, p=0,002) e maior diâmetro máximo da amostra histológica (1,51±1,3 mm vs. 0,94±0,55 mm, p=0,032) que a agulha 22G. O sucesso técnico, dificuldade de punção e sangramento da amostra foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia diagnóstica foram 88,9%, 100% e 90% e 77,8%, 100% e 78,9% para as agulhas 20G e 22G, respectivamente. Conclusão: As amostras obtidas com a FNB 20G apresentaram melhores parâmetros histológicos, embora não tenha havido diferença no desempenho diagnóstico entre as duas agulhas.

Neoplasia Pseudopapilífera Sólida de Pâncreas (Tumor de Frantz): Relato de Caso / Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas (Frantz's Tumor): Case Report / Neoplasia Sólida-Pseudopapilar de Páncreas (Tumor de Frantz): Relato de Caso

Introdução: A neoplasia pseudopapilífera sólida de pâncreas (tumor de Frantz) é muito rara e representa menos de 1% de todos os tumores pancreáticos. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 48 anos, internada para investigação de massa intra-abdominal de etiologia a esclarecer. Foi submetida a tratamento cirúrgico com sucesso na ressecção tumoral e não apresentou complicações no pós-operatório. Os pacientes usualmente tornam-se sintomáticos somente após longos períodos de evolução, quando então apresentam desconforto ou dor abdominal, ou a palpação de massas abdominais no exame físico. Para o diagnóstico, são necessários exames de imagem como ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada, que geralmente evidenciam volumosas massas heterogêneas intra-abdominais. É necessária a confirmação com estudo anatomopatológico e comumente estas possuem características histológicas compatíveis com tumores de baixo grau de malignidade. A ressecção cirúrgica é o tratamento recomendado e mesmo os tumores de grandes dimensões possuem chances de curas consideráveis, se for possível obter margens cirúrgicas livres. Sabe-se que a ressecção tumoral completa é associada a longos períodos de sobrevida. Conclusão: A neoplasia pseudopapilífera sólida de pâncreas (tumor de Frantz), apesar de rara, deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de tumores de pâncreas, já que o tratamento cirúrgico apresenta boas chances de cura mesmo em tumores de grandes dimensões.

Introduction: The solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (Frantz's tumor) is a neoplasm extremely rare that represents less than 1% of all the pancreatic tumors. Case report: 48 years old female patient was hospitalized with intra-abdominal mass of etiology hard to define. She was submitted to surgical treatment with successful laparotomy tumor resection and there were no postoperative complications. The patients usually become symptomatic only after long time of evolution, when they have discomfort or abdominal pain or palpation of abdominal masses during physical examination. Complementary exams like ultrasound and computed tomography are necessary to diagnosis and usually they show heterogeneous large intra-abdominal masses. It is necessary the confirmation with anatomopathological study which usually has histological characteristics compatible with low-grade malignancy. The surgical resection is the recommended treatment and even large size tumors has a considerable chance of cure if free surgical margins are obtained. It is known that complete tumoral resection is associated with long-term survival. Conclusion: The solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (Frantz's tumor), although rare, should be considered in differential diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasms because surgical treatment usually has good chances of cure even in large size tumors

Introducción: La neoplasia sólida-pseudopapilar de páncreas (tumor de Frantz) es muy extraordinaria y representa menos de 1% de todos los tumores pancreáticos. Relato del caso: Paciente do sexo femenino, 48 años, internada para investigación de masa intraabdominal de etiología a esclarecer. Fue sometida al tratamiento quirúrgico con éxito en la resección tumoral y no presentó complicaciones en el postoperatorio. Los pacientes por lo general se convierten en sintomáticos solamente después de largos períodos de evolución, cuando presentan incomodidad o dolor abdominal o existe palpación de masas abdominales en el examen físico. Para el diagnóstico son necesarios exámenes de imagen como ecografía y tomografía computarizada que generalmente demuestran voluminosas masas heterogéneas intraabdominales. Es necesaria la confirmación con examen anatomopatológico y generalmente tienen características histológicas compatibles con tumores de poco grado de malignidad. La resección quirúrgica es el tratamiento indicado y mismo tumores de grandes dimensiones poseen posibilidades de curas considerables se sea posible obtener márgenes quirúrgicas libres. Se sabe que a resección tumoral completa es asociada a largos períodos de sobrevida. Conclusión: La neoplasia sólida-pseudopapilar de páncreas o tumor de Frantz: a pesar de extraordinaria, debe ser considerada en el diagnóstico diferencial de tumores de páncreas y a que el tratamiento quirúrgico presenta buenas posibilidades de cura, mismo en tumores de grandes proporciones.

Neurolisis del plexo celiaco en cáncer de páncreas / Neurolysis of the celiac plexus in pancreas cancer

Introducción: El cáncer en Cuba constituye la primera causa de mortalidad en edades de 15 a 64 años y la segunda en mayores de 65, los tumores digestivos ocupan la tercera posición en las neoplasias malignas y la afección pancreática el cuarto lugar dentro de estas. Objetivo: Presentar la evolución de un paciente con un tumor de páncreas y una supervivencia de más de 6 meses al cual se le realizó neurolisis del plexo celiaco. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 64 años de edad con el diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma de cuerpo y cola de páncreas sin criterio quirúrgico con dolor de severa intensidad que imposibilita el inicio del tratamiento adyuvante para lo cual se le realizó neurolisis del plexo celiaco bilateral, con 7 mL de fenol al 10 por ciento por cada lado, vía posterior retrocrural bajo seguimiento con intensificador de imágenes, y se administró tratamiento coadyuvante vía oral a base de antidepresivos tricíclicos, analgésicos y ansiolíticos debido al componente mixto del dolor oncológico. Conclusiones: El bloqueo neurolitico del plexo celiaco asociado a terapia farmacológica analgésica convencional por vía oral proporcionó un alivio total del dolor por neoplasia de páncreas de forma inmediata y duradera, se logró mejorar el estado general del paciente lo cual facilitó el inicio de la terapia adyuvante oncológica(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, cancer is the leading cause of death at ages 15-64 and the second at ages over 65, digestive tumors occupy the third position among malignancies and pancreatic affection the fourth place among these. Objective: To present the evolution of a patient with a pancreatic tumor and survival of more than 6 months who underwent neurolysis of the celiac plexus. Case presentation: A 64-year-old male patient diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas without surgical criteria, with pain of severe intensity that made it impossible to start adjuvant treatment, for which he underwent neurolysis of the bilateral celiac plexus, with 7 mL of phenol-10 percent per side, through the retrocrural posterior space with follow-up with image intensifier, and oral adjuvant treatment was administered with tricyclic, analgesic and anxiolytic antidepressants due to the mixed component of oncological pain. Conclusions: The neurolytic block of the celiac plexus associated with conventional oral analgesic pharmacological therapy provided total relief of pain from pancreatic cancer in an immediate and lasting way. It was possible to improve the general state of the patient, which facilitates the start of adjuvant oncology therapy(AU)

Solitary pancreatic metastasis from breast cancer: case report and review of literature

ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Pancreatic metastases from primary malignant tumors at other sites are rare, constituting about 2% of the neoplasms that affect the pancreas. Pancreatic metastasis from breast cancer is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose, because its clinical and radiological presentation is similar to that of a primary pancreatic tumor. CASE REPORT: A 64-year-old female developed a lesion in the pancreatic tail 24 months after neoadjuvant therapy, surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy for right-side breast cancer (ductal carcinoma). She underwent distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy and left adrenalectomy, and presented an uneventful outcome. The immunohistochemical analysis on the surgical specimen suggested that the lesion originated from the breast. CONCLUSION: In cases of pancreatic lesions detected in patients with a previous history of breast neoplasm, the possibility of pancreatic metastasis should be carefully considered.

Utilidad de la elastografía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica en la evaluación de lesiones sólidas pancreáticas / Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound guided elastography in the assessment of solid pancreatic lesions

Introducción: La elastografía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica es considerada una herramienta útil en la evaluación de las lesiones solidas pancreáticas (LSP). Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la elastografia en pacientes con LSP. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal prospectivo en el hospital Rebagliati durante julio 2017 a junio 2018. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de LSP y estudio ecoendoscópico, elastografía y toma de PAAF. Se realizó elastografia cualitativa y elastografia cuantitativa (SR e histograma) y se analizó con resultados histopatológicos para determinar la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo (VPN) y exactitud diagnostica en la detección de malignidad. Resultados: De 846 ecoendoscopías, se estudiaron 46 pacientes con LSP con una edad promedio de 64,6 años, 29 (63%) sexo femenino. El adenocarcinoma pancreático fue diagnosticado en 36 casos (78,3%). En elastografía cualitativa predominó el score 3 (n=39, 84,8%) con una sensibilidad, especificidad y exactitud de 88.9%, 30% y 76,1% respectivamente para predecir adenocarcinoma. Elastografía cuantitativa de SR≥ 15 (sensibilidad 100%, especificidad 66,7% y exactitud 97,8%) y un valor de histograma menor de 49 (sensibilidad 66,7%, especificidad 97,6% y exactitud 95,6%) predice malignidad en una LSP con área bajo de la curva ROC de 0,941 (IC 95%, 0,82 - 1,0). Conclusiones: La elastografía brinda información para predecir la naturaleza maligna de la lesión. En nuestro estudio la detección elastográfica de un score 3, SR≥ 15 o un histograma < 49 predice la presencia de malignidad en la LSP estudiada.

Introduction: endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) elastography is considered a useful tool for the evaluation of solid pancreatic lesions (SPL). Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of elastography in patients with SPL. Material and methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed at the Rebagliati Hospital between July 2017 and June 2018. Patients with a diagnosis of SPL and echoendoscopic study, elastography and FNA were included. Qualitative and quantitative elastography: strain ratio (SR) and strain histogram, were performed and analyzed with histopathological results. The diagnostic accuracy of EUS elastography in detecting malignancy was calculated using receiver operating curve analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy for the detection of malignancy were calculated. Results: Out of 832 EUS examinations performed, 46 patients with SPL (mean age, 64.6 years; 29 women) were included in the study. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 36 cases. In qualitative elastography, score 3 was most frequent (n = 39, 84.8%) with sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 88.9%, 30% and 76.1%, respectively, for predict adenocarcinoma. A strain ratio of 15 or higher (100% sensitivity, 66.7% specificity and 97.8% accuracy) and a histogram of less than 49 (66.7% sensitivity, 97.6% specificity and 95.6% accuracy) predicts malignancy in SPL, with area under a ROC curve of 0.941 (95% CI, 0.82 - 1.0). Conclusions: EUS elastography provides information to predict the malignant nature of the pancreatic lesion. In our study, the elastographic detection of a score 3, SR≥15 or a histogram <49 predicts the presence of malignancy in LSP.